In rural areas worldwide, mini-grids are proving a viable alternative to grid extension. From remote villages in Tanzania to small islands in India, communities are gaining access to electricity for the first time through mini-grids. Case studies of successful mini-grids can help developers apply best practices to new projects.

The case studies in this toolkit showcase successful mini-grid projects in Afghanistan, India, Nepal and Tanzania. The projects use a range of different energy technologies: solar photovoltaic (PV), hydropower, biomass, wind and hybrid systems. Ownership models vary, and project implementers include private companies, government agencies and non-profit organizations. Combinations of grants, loans, private capital and/or subsidies—often from both private and public sources—provide funding to these projects.

Despite different local contexts and technologies, the projects share a common set of strategies. These key drivers of success include community involvement, ongoing system maintenance, well-designed tariffs and flexibility. Successful projects gained support from the local community during the planning phase and involved community members throughout the project’s implementation. The mini-grids were well maintained by trained technicians, ensuring high-quality energy services over time. In addition, tariffs were established to cover the project’s ongoing costs, but that also remained affordable for local households. Effective managers demonstrated a readiness to adapt to challenges. With the right approach, both public and private entities can implement successful mini-grid projects that have wide-ranging benefits.